Racing and Sim Racing Terms Explained

Also searched as: Assetto Corsa Competizione

ACC stands for Assetto Corsa Competizione. It is a GT racing simulator often used for GT3 and GT4 racing, setup work, league racing and driver coaching.

Related: ACC setups

Also searched as: ACC

Assetto Corsa Competizione is a racing simulator focused on GT racing. In coaching, it is often used for GT3 car control, racecraft, tyre management and setup direction.

Related: ACC setups

Also searched as: clipping point, corner apex

The apex is the point near the inside of a corner where the car gets closest to the kerb or inside line. A good apex helps you connect corner entry, rotation and exit speed.

Also searched as: early turn-in

An early apex means you reach the inside of the corner too soon. It can make the exit tighter and often costs speed on the next straight.

Also searched as: late turn-in

A late apex means you turn in slightly later and reach the inside later in the corner. It often helps with exit speed, traction and overtaking lines.

Also searched as: ideal line, driving line

The racing line is the path through a corner that gives the best balance between speed, grip and exit. It is not always the same line in traffic or during a battle.

Also searched as: brake point

The braking point is where you start braking before a corner. A good braking point is repeatable and matched to fuel load, tyre condition, car balance and traffic.

Also searched as: corner entry steering

Turn-in is the moment you start steering towards the corner. The timing of turn-in affects rotation, minimum speed and how early you can get back on throttle.

Also searched as: entry phase

Corner entry is the first phase of a corner, from braking to initial rotation. Many mistakes happen here because braking, steering and weight transfer overlap.

Also searched as: middle of the corner

Mid-corner is the middle phase of the corner, where the car is usually close to its minimum speed. Balance and patience matter here.

Also searched as: exit phase

Corner exit is the final phase of the corner, where you open the steering and apply throttle. A strong exit can gain time all the way down the next straight.

Also searched as: corner exit speed

Exit speed is the speed you carry out of a corner. It matters most before long straights, where a small difference can grow over several seconds.

Also searched as: minimum corner speed

Minimum speed is the lowest speed reached in a corner. It is useful for analysis, but a higher minimum speed is only valuable if the exit remains strong.

Also searched as: curb

A kerb is the raised edge on the inside or outside of a corner. Some kerbs help rotation or track usage, while others unsettle the car.

Also searched as: left-right corner, right-left corner

A chicane is a quick sequence of corners, often used to slow cars down. Rhythm, kerb use and exit priority are important in a chicane.

Also searched as: slow corner

A hairpin is a tight, slow corner with a large change of direction. It often rewards strong braking, rotation and traction on exit.

Also searched as: straightaway

A straight is a section of track with little or no steering input. Exit speed, slipstream and drag often matter most here.

Also searched as: track sector

A sector is a timing section of a lap. Sector times help show where you gain or lose time around the track.

Also searched as: lap, laptime

Lap time is the time it takes to complete one full lap. In coaching, lap time is useful, but the way that time is created matters more.

Also searched as: delta time

Delta is the time difference between your current lap and a reference lap. It helps show where you gain or lose time in real time.

Also searched as: time split

A split is a timing gap at a specific point on the track. Splits help compare pace between drivers or between laps.

Also searched as: time gap

A gap is the time difference between two cars. It affects race strategy, overtaking chances and pit window decisions.

Also searched as: time interval

Interval usually means the time gap to the car directly ahead or behind. It is useful for race management and pressure control.

Also searched as: track limit, off track

Track limits define how much of the car must stay within the legal racing surface. Exceeding them can lead to warnings, invalid laps or penalties.

Also searched as: valid lap

A clean lap is a lap without major mistakes, traffic problems or track limit issues. It is useful for comparing true pace.

Also searched as: deleted lap, off track lap

An invalid lap is a lap that no longer counts, usually because of track limits or a rule breach. It is common in qualifying and time trials.

Also searched as: leaving the pits

An out lap is the lap after leaving the pit lane. It is often used to warm tyres and prepare for a flying lap.

Also searched as: returning to pits

An in lap is the lap where you return to the pits. In endurance and league racing, in laps affect pit strategy and stint planning.

Also searched as: push lap

A flying lap is a timed lap after the car is already up to speed. It is common in qualifying and practice runs.

Also searched as: qualifying lap

A hot lap is a full push lap aimed at setting the fastest possible time. It usually has more risk than race pace driving.

Also searched as: cooldown lap

A cool-down lap is used to reduce tyre, brake or engine stress after a push lap or race. It also helps manage temperatures.

Also searched as: qualy lap

A qualifying lap is a lap driven to set the best possible starting position. It often prioritises peak grip and risk over long-run consistency.

Also searched as: long-run pace

Race pace is the speed you can repeat during a race. It is usually more important than one perfect lap.

Also searched as: single-lap pace

Qualifying pace is the speed you can produce over one or a few push laps. It often differs from race pace because fuel, tyres and risk level are different.

Also searched as: low grip track

A green track has little rubber on the racing line. Grip is usually lower, and lap times can improve as the track evolves.

Also searched as: track grip

A rubbered-in track has more tyre rubber on the racing line. It usually gives more grip than a green track.

Also searched as: track grip evolution

Track evolution describes how grip changes during a session. Rubber, temperature and weather can all affect it.

Also searched as: traction, adhesion

Grip is the tyre's ability to hold the road or virtual track. Braking, steering and throttle all use part of the available grip.

Also searched as: limit of grip

The grip limit is the point where the tyres can no longer support the requested braking, steering or throttle. Good driving means staying close to that limit without losing control.

Also searched as: drive grip

Traction is the grip available for acceleration. Poor traction can cause wheelspin, oversteer or slow exits.

Also searched as: load transfer

Weight transfer is the shift of load across the car during braking, steering and acceleration. It affects grip, rotation and stability.

Also searched as: car rotation

Rotation is how the car turns around its centre while entering or moving through a corner. Good rotation helps the car point towards the exit without excessive sliding.

Also searched as: vehicle control

Car control is the ability to manage grip, balance and inputs while the car is moving near the limit. It is one of the core skills in sim racing coaching.

Related: 1-on-1 coaching

Also searched as: brake release

Trail braking is the technique of keeping some brake pressure as you turn into the corner. It helps transfer load to the front tyres and can improve rotation when done correctly.

Also searched as: maximum braking

Threshold braking means braking close to the maximum grip available before lock-up or ABS intervention. It requires precise pressure and a clean release.

Also searched as: brake bleed, releasing the brake

Brake release is how you reduce brake pressure as the car turns into the corner. A smooth release often improves balance and rotation.

Also searched as: brake control

Brake modulation is the ability to adjust brake pressure precisely instead of treating the brake as on or off. It is important for trail braking and stability.

Also searched as: LFB

Left-foot braking means using the left foot for the brake pedal. In sim racing, it can make braking and throttle transitions faster and more controlled.

Also searched as: throttle application

Throttle control is how you apply power on exit or during a corner. Smooth throttle use helps traction, tyre life and stability.

Also searched as: gas input, throttle trace

Throttle input is how much throttle you apply and how quickly you apply it. Smooth throttle input helps traction, balance and corner exit speed.

Also searched as: steering trace

Steering input is how much and how quickly you turn the wheel. Too much input can overload the tyres and create understeer or tyre scrub.

Also searched as: front push

Understeer happens when the front tyres cannot turn the car as much as the driver asks. The car pushes wide, often because of too much speed, steering or poor balance.

Also searched as: rear slide

Oversteer happens when the rear of the car rotates more than intended. It can help rotation in small amounts, but too much oversteer costs control and speed.

Also searched as: sudden oversteer

Snap oversteer is a sudden rear slide that happens quickly and can be hard to catch. It often appears during aggressive throttle, kerb strikes or unstable weight transfer.

Also searched as: off-throttle oversteer

Lift-off oversteer happens when the rear becomes unstable after lifting off the throttle. It is common when weight moves forward too quickly.

Also searched as: traction loss

Wheelspin happens when the driven tyres rotate faster than the car is moving. It costs acceleration and can overheat or wear the tyres.

Also searched as: brake lock

A lock-up happens when a tyre stops rotating during braking. It reduces control and can damage tyre performance in sims that model flat spots.

Also searched as: anti-lock braking system

ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up under braking. In GT cars, using ABS correctly is part of fast and consistent braking.

Also searched as: TC

Traction control reduces wheelspin by limiting power when the driven tyres lose grip. The best setting depends on car, track, tyres and driving style.

Also searched as: early upshift

Short shifting means shifting up earlier than usual. It can reduce wheelspin, save fuel or stabilise the car on exit.

Also searched as: off-throttle braking

Engine braking is the slowing effect created by the drivetrain when you lift off throttle or downshift. It can affect rear stability on corner entry.

Also searched as: neutral phase

Coasting means the car is neither braking nor accelerating. A small amount can help balance, but too much coasting often costs time.

Also searched as: maintenance throttle

Trail throttle is a small amount of throttle used to stabilise the car through a corner. It can help balance when full throttle is not yet possible.

Also searched as: brake graph

A brake trace shows how brake pressure changes through a braking zone. It is useful for analysing peak pressure, release shape and trail braking.

Also searched as: throttle graph

A throttle trace shows how throttle input changes through a lap. It helps identify hesitation, wheelspin risk and exit timing.

Also searched as: steering graph

A steering trace shows steering input over time. It can reveal overdriving, corrections and how smoothly the car is being placed.

Also searched as: speed graph

A speed trace shows speed through each part of the lap. It helps compare braking, minimum speed and exits between laps.

Also searched as: race craft

Racecraft is the skill of racing with other cars. It includes positioning, overtaking, defending, traffic management and making good decisions under pressure.

Related: 1-on-1 coaching

Also searched as: passing

Overtaking is the act of passing another car. A good overtake needs timing, positioning and enough control to leave racing room.

Also searched as: defensive driving

Defending means protecting your position from a car behind. Strong defending is firm, predictable and within the rules.

Also searched as: car placement

Positioning is where you place the car relative to other drivers and the racing line. Good positioning can create or prevent overtaking chances.

Also searched as: alongside

Side-by-side racing happens when two cars are next to each other through part of a corner or straight. It requires awareness and space management.

Also searched as: close racing

Wheel-to-wheel racing means racing closely with another driver. The key is to be competitive without losing control or creating unnecessary contact.

Also searched as: late lunge

A divebomb is a very late braking move to the inside. It can work if control and overlap are clear, but it often creates high risk.

Also searched as: cutback

A switchback is a move where you give up the first part of the corner to get a better exit and pass on the way out.

Also searched as: switchback

A cutback uses a wider or later line to get better rotation and exit speed after another car runs deep or defends the inside.

Also searched as: illegal blocking

Blocking means moving mainly to stop another car rather than to take a normal racing line. Rules vary, but unpredictable blocking is usually risky.

Also searched as: pinching

Squeezing means leaving another driver less space while still trying to stay within the rules. It requires judgement and awareness.

Also searched as: racing space

Racing room is the space a driver needs to keep the car on track while racing another car. Leaving enough room reduces contact risk.

Also searched as: alongside overlap

Overlap means part of one car is alongside another. It matters for judging rights to space in corners.

Also searched as: inside

The inside line is the line closest to the inside of the next corner. It can help defend or attack, but it may compromise exit speed.

Also searched as: outside

The outside line is the wider line around a corner. It can give better exit speed or set up a switchback.

Also searched as: race pressure

Pressure is the mental and tactical effect of another car being close. Good drivers keep decisions clean when pressure increases.

Also searched as: traffic

Traffic management is the ability to handle slower cars, faster cars and multiclass situations without losing too much time.

Also searched as: putting a car a lap down

Lapping is when a faster car catches a car that is one or more laps behind. Clear communication and predictable driving matter.

Also searched as: multi-class traffic

Multiclass traffic happens when faster and slower car classes share the same race. It rewards patience, planning and awareness.

Also searched as: risk control

Risk management is choosing when to push, defend, attack or wait. It is often what separates a fast driver from a consistent race driver.

Also searched as: waiting for the move

Patience means not forcing a move too early. In racing, waiting one corner longer can be faster and safer.

Also searched as: unsafe track rejoin

An unsafe rejoin happens when a car returns to the track without leaving enough space or checking traffic. It can cause avoidable incidents.

Also searched as: car contact

Contact is physical contact between cars. In sim racing it can damage the car, create penalties or ruin race rhythm.

Also searched as: race incident

An incident is an event such as contact, a spin, an off-track or unsafe driving. Different platforms record and judge incidents in different ways.

Also searched as: avoidable collision

Avoidable contact is contact that a driver could reasonably have prevented. Race stewards and platforms may penalise it.

Also searched as: driving etiquette

Racing etiquette is the expected behaviour between drivers. It includes predictable driving, leaving space and respecting blue flags or race control.

Also searched as: spatial awareness

Awareness is knowing where other cars are and what they may do next. It is crucial in close racing, starts and multiclass traffic.

Also searched as: race stint

A stint is a continuous period of driving between pit stops or driver changes. In endurance racing, stint planning affects tyres, fuel and consistency.

Also searched as: pitstop, pitting, pit lane stop

A pit stop is when you enter the pits for fuel, tyres, repairs, driver swap or penalties. A clean pit stop can decide races.

Also searched as: strategy window

The pit window is the period in which stopping is allowed or strategically useful. It matters in races with fuel, tyre or mandatory pit rules.

Also searched as: race strategy

Pit strategy is the plan for when to stop, what to change and how to manage track position. It depends on fuel, tyres, traffic and race length.

Also searched as: lift-and-coast, fuel saving

Lift and coast means lifting off the throttle before the braking zone and letting the car roll for a short distance. It is used to save fuel, reduce stress on tyres or manage the car more smoothly.

Also searched as: early pit stop

An undercut is a strategy where you pit earlier to gain time on fresh tyres or clear track. It works only if the new stint is faster enough.

Also searched as: late pit stop

An overcut is a strategy where you stay out longer than a rival. It can work if you have clean air, better tyre life or the rival loses time.

Also searched as: short fuel stop

A splash and dash is a short pit stop mainly for a small amount of fuel. It is used when only a little fuel is needed to finish.

Also searched as: fuel save

Fuel saving means driving in a way that uses less fuel. It can include short shifting, lifting earlier and reducing throttle use.

Also searched as: tyre management

Tyre saving means driving to reduce tyre wear or temperature. It often requires smoother inputs and less sliding.

Also searched as: double-stinting

A double stint means using the same set of tyres or same driver stint for two race segments, depending on the rules. It is common in endurance strategy.

Also searched as: driver change

A driver swap is when one driver takes over from another during a race. It is important in endurance racing and team events.

Also searched as: endurance

An endurance race is a long race where consistency, traffic, pit stops, strategy and mental focus matter as much as raw speed.

Also searched as: short race

A sprint race is a shorter race with less time to recover from mistakes. Qualifying, starts and early race decisions become more important.

Also searched as: SC

A safety car controls the field during dangerous conditions or incidents. In sim racing, safety car rules depend on the platform and event.

Also searched as: VSC

A virtual safety car slows the field without a physical safety car. Drivers usually need to follow a target speed or delta.

Also searched as: FCY

Full course yellow means the whole track is under caution. Rules differ by series, but overtaking is usually restricted.

Also searched as: formation

A formation lap is a lap before the race start where cars form up and prepare for the start. It is common in rolling starts and some league events.

Also searched as: rolling grid

A rolling start begins while the cars are moving. Spacing, throttle control and discipline matter before green.

Also searched as: grid start

A standing start begins from a stationary grid position. Launch control, reaction and avoiding contact are key.

Also searched as: race restart

A restart is when racing resumes after a caution, safety car or red flag. Good restarts require timing and awareness.

Also searched as: drive-through

A drive-through penalty requires a driver to pass through the pit lane without stopping. It costs time but is usually less severe than a stop-go.

Also searched as: stop and go

A stop-go penalty requires a driver to stop in the pits for a set time before continuing. It is often given for more serious rule breaches.

Also searched as: race penalty

A penalty is a punishment for breaking rules or causing incidents. It can be time added, a drive-through, a stop-go or disqualification.

Also searched as: position on track

Track position is where you are relative to other cars on the road. It matters even when another strategy may be faster on paper.

Also searched as: SOF

Strength of field is a measure of how strong a race grid is, often based on driver ratings. In iRacing, it helps describe the level of competition.

Also searched as: fuel weight

Fuel load is the amount of fuel in the car. More fuel adds weight and can change braking, tyre wear and lap time.

Also searched as: fuel consumption

Fuel usage is how much fuel the car uses per lap or stint. It is important for endurance racing and pit strategy.

Also searched as: car setup, sim racing setup

A setup is the group of car settings used for a track, car and driving style. It can affect balance, tyre behaviour, braking and confidence.

Related: ACC setups

Also searched as: racing simulator setup, racing sim setup

A sim racing setup can mean car setup or hardware setup. On this page, the context decides whether it means vehicle settings or your wheel, pedals and rig.

Related: ACC setups

Also searched as: Assetto Corsa Competizione setup

An ACC setup is a car setup for Assetto Corsa Competizione. It can include tyre pressure, brake bias, wing, ride height, dampers and more.

Related: ACC setups

Also searched as: balance

Car balance describes whether the car feels stable, understeery, oversteery or neutral. Good balance gives confidence and makes driving more repeatable.

Also searched as: brake balance

Brake bias sets how braking force is distributed between the front and rear brakes. More front bias can add stability, while more rear bias can help rotation but increase risk.

Also searched as: brake temps

Brake temperature is the heat in the brakes. Brakes that are too cold or too hot can reduce performance and consistency.

Also searched as: brake cooling

Brake ducts control airflow to the brakes. More cooling can reduce temperature, but too much cooling can keep brakes too cold and may reduce aerodynamic efficiency or braking performance.

Also searched as: tire pressure

Tyre pressure affects grip, temperature, wear and balance. The right pressure depends on the sim, car, track and stint conditions.

Also searched as: tire temperature, tyre temps

Tyre temperature shows how hot the tyres are. It helps explain grip, wear and whether pressure or driving style may need adjustment.

Also searched as: tire wear

Tyre wear is the loss of tyre performance over distance. Sliding, overheating and aggressive inputs can increase wear.

Also searched as: tire degradation, deg

Tyre degradation is the performance loss as tyres age during a stint. It can affect braking, cornering and consistency.

Also searched as: compound

A tyre compound is a type of tyre with a specific grip and durability profile. Not every sim or series gives multiple compounds.

Also searched as: wheel camber

Camber is the angle of the wheel relative to the vertical. It affects how the tyre contacts the track during cornering.

Also searched as: steering caster

Caster is a suspension angle that affects steering feel, stability and how the tyre gains camber while turning.

Also searched as: toe in, toe out

Toe is the angle of the wheels pointing slightly inward or outward. It affects stability, response and tyre wear.

Also searched as: car height

Ride height is how high the car sits above the track. It affects aerodynamics, kerb behaviour and bottoming risk.

Also searched as: front rear ride height difference

Rake is the difference between front and rear ride height. It can affect aerodynamic balance and car behaviour.

Also searched as: rear wing, aero wing

Wing settings change downforce and drag. More wing usually gives more high-speed grip but less straight-line speed.

Also searched as: front splitter

A splitter is an aerodynamic part at the front of the car. It helps create front downforce, especially at speed.

Also searched as: rear diffuser

A diffuser helps manage airflow under the car and create downforce. Its effect depends on ride height and car design.

Also searched as: aero grip

Downforce is aerodynamic force pushing the car into the track. It increases grip at speed but often adds drag.

Also searched as: air resistance

Drag is aerodynamic resistance that slows the car down. Reducing drag can improve top speed, but may reduce downforce.

Also searched as: aerodynamic balance

Aero balance is the distribution of aerodynamic grip between the front and rear of the car. It mainly affects stability, turn-in and grip in medium and high-speed corners.

Also searched as: low-speed grip

Mechanical grip comes from tyres, suspension and weight transfer rather than aerodynamics. It matters most in slower corners.

Also searched as: shock absorber

A damper controls how quickly the suspension moves. Damper settings can affect kerb behaviour, stability and response.

Also searched as: compression damping

Bump controls how the damper reacts when the suspension compresses. It can affect braking, kerbs and weight transfer.

Also searched as: extension damping

Rebound controls how the damper reacts when the suspension extends. It can affect stability and how the car settles after load changes.

Also searched as: bump stop

A bumpstop limits suspension travel. In some cars, it strongly affects ride height, aero platform and kerb behaviour.

Also searched as: ARB, sway bar

An anti-roll bar connects the left and right suspension. It affects roll stiffness and the balance between front and rear grip.

Also searched as: springs

Spring rate describes how stiff the suspension springs are. Stiffer springs can improve response but may reduce grip over bumps.

Also searched as: diff

The differential controls how the driven wheels rotate relative to each other. It affects traction, rotation and stability.

Also searched as: diff preload

Preload is a differential setting that affects how early the diff starts locking. It can change corner entry, mid-corner and exit behaviour.

Also searched as: gearing

Gear ratio affects acceleration and top speed. Shorter gearing improves acceleration, while longer gearing can improve top speed.

Also searched as: ECU map, power map

An engine map changes how the engine delivers power or uses fuel. In some cars it affects fuel saving, throttle response or race strategy.

Also searched as: engine map

ECU map is another term for engine map. It can affect power delivery, fuel use or drivability depending on the sim and car.

Also searched as: Balance of Performance

BoP stands for Balance of Performance. It is used to adjust different cars so they can race more closely together.

Related: ACC setups

Also searched as: BoP

Balance of Performance is a system that adjusts car performance through weight, power or other limits. It aims to keep different car models competitive.

Also searched as: added weight

Ballast is extra weight added to a car. It can be used for balance, rules or performance equalisation.

Also searched as: air restrictor

A restrictor limits engine airflow or power. It is sometimes used in performance balancing.

Also searched as: aerodynamic platform

The aero platform is how the car maintains its ride height and attitude at speed. A stable platform helps predictable downforce.

Also searched as: bottoming out

Bottoming happens when the car hits the ground or reaches the end of suspension travel. It can reduce grip and upset the car.

Also searched as: hitting the kerb

A kerb strike happens when the car hits a kerb hard enough to disturb balance. Some kerbs can be used, while others should be avoided.

Also searched as: data

Telemetry is recorded data from the car and driver inputs. It can show braking, throttle, speed, steering and other details that are hard to judge by feel.

Related: 1-on-1 coaching

Also searched as: sim racing data

Data analysis means using telemetry, lap times and driving traces to understand where time is gained or lost.

Also searched as: replay review

Replay analysis means reviewing video or in-game replay to study line choice, traffic, mistakes and car placement.

Also searched as: driver inputs

Inputs are what the driver does with brake, throttle, steering and gears. Input quality often explains consistency and car control.

Also searched as: comparison lap

A reference lap is a lap used for comparison. It can be your best lap, a coach's lap or another driver's lap.

Also searched as: lap comparison

A comparison lap is used against another lap to identify differences in braking, speed, line and throttle.

Also searched as: brake zone

The braking zone is the section of track where the car slows before a corner. It is one of the best places to find time in analysis.

Also searched as: applying throttle

Throttle application describes when and how you start adding power. It affects traction, exit speed and tyre wear.

Also searched as: top speed, maximum speed

Vmax means maximum speed reached on a straight or section. It can be influenced by setup, slipstream, exit speed and drag.

Also searched as: driving line data

A GPS line shows the path of the car around the circuit in data tools. It helps compare line choice and track usage.

Also searched as: Motec data

MoTeC is a data analysis tool used by many sim racers and real racing teams. In sim racing, it is often used to review telemetry from compatible platforms.

Also searched as: long-run analysis

Stint analysis looks at performance over many laps instead of one lap. It helps with tyre wear, consistency and race pace.

Also searched as: tire data

Tyre data can include pressure, temperature and wear. It helps explain changing grip and balance during a stint.

Also searched as: fuel numbers

Fuel data shows usage, remaining fuel and sometimes predicted laps. It is important for race planning and endurance events.

Also searched as: lap consistency

Consistency analysis looks at how stable your lap times and mistakes are over multiple laps. It is often more useful than only studying the fastest lap.

Related: 1-on-1 coaching

Also searched as: average pace

Average lap time shows your normal pace over a run. It is often a better race indicator than one peak lap.

Also searched as: lap time spread

Variance describes how much your lap times change. Lower variance usually means better repeatability.

Also searched as: optimum lap

An optimal lap combines your best sector or mini-sector times. It shows potential, but it may not be realistic if the sectors came from different conditions.

Also searched as: theoretical lap

Theoretical best is the fastest lap possible from your best segments. It can show potential pace, but it does not always reflect race consistency.

Also searched as: sector split

Sector time is the time recorded for one sector of the track. It helps identify which part of the lap needs work.

Also searched as: timing screen

Live timing shows current lap times, gaps, positions and session information. It is useful for practice, qualifying and race management.

Also searched as: delta display

A delta bar shows time gained or lost against a reference. It can help with feedback, but watching it too much can distract from driving.

Also searched as: input, pedal input, steering input

Driver input is the combined action from steering, brake, throttle, clutch and shifting. In coaching and telemetry, inputs show how the driver controls the car.

Also searched as: pedal overlay

An input overlay shows brake, throttle, clutch and steering inputs on screen. It is useful for coaching and self-review.

Also searched as: braking force

Brake pressure is how hard you press the brake. Analysing it helps with threshold braking, trail braking and repeatability.

Also searched as: pedal graph

A pedal trace shows brake and throttle inputs over time. It helps identify abrupt inputs, hesitation or poor release timing.

Also searched as: steering base, DD base

A wheelbase is the motor unit the steering wheel is mounted to. In sim racing, it has a large effect on force feedback strength, precision and steering feel.

Also searched as: DD wheelbase

Direct drive means the steering wheel is driven directly by the motor. It usually gives stronger and more detailed force feedback than belt or gear systems.

Also searched as: FFB

Force feedback is the resistance and information sent through the steering wheel. It helps you feel grip, kerbs, slides and car behaviour.

Also searched as: force feedback clipping

FFB clipping happens when the wheelbase reaches its output limit and cannot show stronger forces. It can hide detail and make feedback less useful.

Also searched as: wheel torque

Torque is rotational force from the wheelbase. Higher torque can give stronger feedback, but settings still need control and comfort.

Also searched as: wheel oscillation

Oscillation is unwanted shaking or movement in the wheel, often on straights. It can come from FFB settings, damping or hardware behaviour.

Also searched as: wheel rotation

Steering lock is the maximum steering angle available. It should match the car and sim settings for accurate control.

Also searched as: steering sensitivity

Steering ratio describes how steering wheel movement translates to front wheel angle. It affects response and precision.

Also searched as: load cell brake

Load cell pedals measure braking force rather than only pedal travel. They can make braking more repeatable.

Also searched as: calibrating pedals

Pedal calibration sets the range and response of pedals. Poor calibration can make braking or throttle control inconsistent.

Also searched as: brake pedal force

Brake force is how much pressure is needed to reach full braking. Matching it to your hardware and strength helps consistency.

Also searched as: accelerator pedal

The throttle pedal controls power delivery. Smooth throttle input is important for traction and corner exits.

Also searched as: clutch

A clutch pedal is used for starts, shifting or older cars depending on the sim. Many modern GT cars do not need it during normal shifts.

Also searched as: gear shifter

A shifter is a hardware control for changing gears. It can be sequential or H-pattern depending on the setup.

Also searched as: paddles

Paddle shifters are gear controls mounted behind the wheel. They are common in GT, prototype and formula-style sim cars.

Also searched as: sim handbrake

A handbrake is mostly used in rally or drifting. It is less relevant for GT racing but useful in some disciplines.

Also searched as: control box

A button box gives extra physical controls for functions such as ignition, pit limiter, brake bias and black box navigation.

Also searched as: cockpit, racing rig

A sim rig is the frame or cockpit that holds the seat, wheelbase and pedals. A stable rig helps braking and steering consistency.

Also searched as: racing cockpit

A cockpit is the seating and hardware structure of a sim racing setup. It can range from a basic stand to a full aluminium profile rig.

Also searched as: screen

A monitor is the display used for sim racing. Size, refresh rate and position affect visibility and immersion.

Also searched as: triples

Triple screen means using three monitors for a wider field of view. It helps awareness but needs space and correct setup.

Also searched as: wide monitor

An ultrawide monitor gives a wider view than a normal monitor without using three screens. It is a common middle ground for sim racing.

Also searched as: virtual reality

VR stands for virtual reality. It can improve depth perception and immersion, but comfort and performance depend on hardware and settings.

Also searched as: FOV

Field of view is how much of the world is shown on screen. Correct FOV helps judge speed, distance and corner positioning.

Also searched as: field of view

FOV stands for field of view. In sim racing, a correct FOV can make braking points, apexes and distance judgement more natural.

Also searched as: seat position

Seating position affects comfort, pedal control and steering consistency. A stable, repeatable position helps long sessions.

Also searched as: steering wheel rim

A wheel rim is the physical steering wheel attached to the wheelbase. Shape and size should fit the car type and driver preference.

Also searched as: QR

A quick release lets you remove or change wheel rims quickly. It is common on higher-end sim racing systems.

Also searched as: vibration feedback

Haptic feedback uses vibration or movement to add information through pedals, seats or other hardware. It can help with lock-up, ABS or traction cues.

Also searched as: tactile transducer

A bass shaker adds vibration to a rig or seat. It can simulate kerbs, engine vibration, road texture or tyre effects depending on software.

Also searched as: motion simulator

A motion rig moves the cockpit to simulate forces and movement. It can add immersion, but correct settings are important.

Also searched as: load cell pedal

A load cell brake measures pressure instead of only pedal position. It often helps drivers brake more consistently.

Also searched as: iracing

iRacing is an online racing simulator with rating systems, official races and licence progression. It is often used for competitive online racing.

Also searched as: SR

Safety Rating is an iRacing measure linked to incidents over corners driven. It rewards clean driving and affects licence progression.

Also searched as: IR

iRating is iRacing's driver skill rating. It helps split drivers into fields and measure competitive level.

Also searched as: incident count, x points

Incident points are recorded for off-tracks, contact, spins or other incidents in platforms such as iRacing. They affect safety systems and race results.

Also searched as: license class

Licence class is a progression level in some racing platforms. It can decide which series or races a driver can enter.

Also searched as: Minimum Participation Requirements

MPR stands for Minimum Participation Requirements in iRacing. It relates to licence progression and required official race participation.

Also searched as: official session

An official race is a race recognised by the platform for ratings or progression. In iRacing, official sessions can affect iRating and Safety Rating.

Also searched as: hosted session

A hosted race is a custom race session created by a user or organiser. It may have different rules from official sessions.

Also searched as: league racing

A league race is organised by a community, team or series. League racing often has its own rules, stewarding and calendar.

Also searched as: online league, community racing

League racing means racing in an organised series with fixed rules, a calendar and often regular competitors. It is usually more structured than open public lobbies.

Also searched as: practice session

Practice is a session used to learn the track, test setup and build consistency. It is where structured improvement should happen.

Also searched as: qualy

Qualifying decides starting position. It rewards clean execution, tyre preparation and peak single-lap pace.

Also searched as: TT

Time trial is a mode focused on setting clean lap times under controlled conditions. It is useful for practice but does not include racecraft.

Also searched as: LMU

Le Mans Ultimate is a racing simulator focused on endurance racing and modern sportscar racing. It is often linked with Hypercar, LMP2 and GT racing.

Also searched as: Le Mans Ultimate

LMU stands for Le Mans Ultimate. It is relevant for endurance practice, prototype racing and telemetry-based learning.

Also searched as: rF2

rFactor 2 is a racing simulator known for detailed vehicle dynamics and endurance content. Some sim racers use it for prototype and GT racing.

Also searched as: AC

Assetto Corsa is a racing simulator with a large modding community. It is different from Assetto Corsa Competizione.

Also searched as: GT3 car

GT3 is a popular racing car class used in real motorsport and sim racing. GT3 cars often have ABS, traction control and strong endurance use.

Also searched as: GT4 car

GT4 is a racing class generally slower and less aerodynamically complex than GT3. It can be useful for learning racecraft and car control.

Also searched as: GTE car

GTE is a former endurance GT class used in major sportscar racing. Some simulators still include GTE cars.

Also searched as: prototype

LMP2 is a prototype class used in endurance racing. It is faster than GT cars and requires strong traffic management.

Also searched as: prototype hybrid

LMDh is a modern top-level prototype category. It appears in endurance racing and is related to Hypercar competition.

Also searched as: Le Mans Hypercar

Hypercar is a top-level endurance racing category. In sim racing it usually means fast prototypes with high downforce and strong braking.

Also searched as: single-seater

A formula car is an open-wheel single-seater. It usually rewards precision, aerodynamic grip and fast reactions.

Also searched as: touring racing

A touring car is based on road-car style racing. It often involves close racing and robust racecraft.

Also searched as: multi-class racing

Multiclass racing means different car classes race on the same track at the same time. It creates traffic, speed differences and strategy challenges.

Also searched as: race split

A split race is one of several race fields created when many drivers register. Splits usually group drivers by rating or performance.

Also searched as: driver rating

A rating system ranks drivers by skill, safety or results. Each platform uses its own method.

Also searched as: caution flag

A yellow flag warns of danger on or near the track. In many series, drivers must slow down and avoid overtaking in the affected zone.

Also searched as: double waved yellow

Double yellow usually means a more serious hazard. It often requires greater caution and no overtaking in the zone.

Also searched as: blue flags

A blue flag tells a driver that a faster car is approaching, often because they are being lapped. The exact obligation depends on the series or platform.

Also searched as: green

A green flag means racing conditions are clear or that a caution zone has ended. It is also used to start or restart sessions.

Also searched as: session stopped

A red flag stops or suspends a session because of serious danger or conditions. In sim racing, use depends on event rules and platform tools.

Also searched as: black flag penalty

A black flag usually means a driver must serve a penalty or return to the pits. The exact meaning depends on the series or simulator.

Also searched as: slow vehicle flag

A white flag can warn of a slow vehicle on track, depending on the series. In some contexts it also marks the final lap.

Also searched as: checkered flag

The chequered flag marks the end of a session or race. Drivers usually finish the current lap or follow platform instructions.

Also searched as: slippery surface flag

A yellow-red flag warns of a slippery surface, debris or reduced grip. It tells drivers to be careful with traction and line choice.

Also searched as: yellow-red flag

A slippery surface flag warns that grip may be reduced because of oil, water, debris or other track conditions.

Also searched as: track marshal

A marshal is a race official who helps signal incidents and manage track safety. In sim racing, marshals may be real stewards or automated systems.

Also searched as: race steward

A steward reviews incidents and rule breaches. In leagues, stewards often decide penalties after a protest or race review.

Also searched as: event control

The race director controls the running of an event. This can include starts, cautions, penalties and race procedure.

Also searched as: pits

The pit lane is the controlled lane used for pit stops, repairs and serving some penalties. Speed limits usually apply.

Also searched as: limited speed zone

A slow zone is a section of track where drivers must reduce speed. It is more common in endurance-style rules or organised events.

Also searched as: track warning

A track limits warning tells a driver they have exceeded track limits too often or too severely. Further breaches can lead to penalties.

Also searched as: driver coaching

Sim racing coaching helps a driver improve through feedback, analysis and structured practice. At ABEX Works, it focuses on driving technique, racecraft, data and consistency.

Related: 1-on-1 coaching

Also searched as: 1-on-1 coaching

Performance coaching focuses on turning driving feedback into measurable improvement. It looks at technique, decision-making, focus and repeatability.

Related: 1-on-1 coaching

Also searched as: racing coach

Driver coaching is personal guidance aimed at improving the driver's decisions, technique and consistency. It is different from only downloading a setup.

Also searched as: remote coaching

Online coaching is coaching done through voice, screen share, replay, data or live driving. It allows ABEX Works to work with drivers internationally.

Related: coaching overview

Also searched as: training plan

A practice plan sets clear focus points for a session or week. It prevents random laps and helps improvement become more structured.

Also searched as: focus point

Training focus is the specific skill you work on during practice. Examples include brake release, apex choice, traffic or consistency.

Also searched as: repeatability

Consistency means producing stable lap times and fewer mistakes over multiple laps. It is often more valuable in races than one peak lap.

Related: 1-on-1 coaching

Also searched as: repeatable pace

Repeatability means being able to reproduce the same inputs, lines and pace. It is one of the main goals of structured practice.

Also searched as: driver confidence

Confidence is trust in the car, inputs and decisions. It grows when the driver understands what is happening and has a clear training focus.

Also searched as: event preparation

Race preparation means preparing for a specific race, league or endurance event. It can include strategy, practice priorities, setup, fuel and mental focus.

Also searched as: concentration

Mental focus is the ability to stay concentrated and make good decisions under pressure. It matters in qualifying, battles and long stints.

Also searched as: recovering from mistakes

Mistake recovery is how quickly you regain rhythm after an error. Good recovery prevents one mistake from becoming several.

Also searched as: improvement curve

A learning curve describes how quickly a driver improves. Good coaching makes the learning process clearer and more efficient.

Also searched as: development

Driver development is the long-term improvement of skill, awareness and consistency. It is broader than one lap time or one setup change.

Also searched as: coaching feedback

Feedback is useful only when it leads to a clear action. Good feedback explains what happened, why it happened and what to train next.

Also searched as: coaching point

A focus point is one specific thing to work on. Clear focus points make practice more effective.

Also searched as: structured practice

Structured training means practising with a plan instead of driving random laps. It helps connect feedback to improvement.

Related: coaching overview

Also searched as: post-race review

A race review looks back at decisions, pace, incidents and strategy after a race. It helps turn experience into better future preparation.

Also searched as: training session

A coaching session is a planned session focused on specific improvement points. It can include live driving, replay, telemetry or discussion.

Also searched as: Abe, ABEX Works coach

Abe Santema is the driver and coach behind ABEX Works. His coaching combines racing experience, practical feedback and structured driver development.

Related: About Abe

Also searched as: Abe Santema coaching

ABEX Works is a sim racing coaching and support project by Abe Santema. It helps drivers improve pace, consistency, racecraft and preparation.

Related: ABEX Works

Also searched as: sim racing mentor

A professional sim racing coach helps drivers improve through structured feedback and analysis. The best coaching focuses on the driver's own inputs and decisions.

Related: About Abe

Also searched as: Motorsport Games

The FIA Motorsport Games are an international motorsport event with national representation. For ABEX Works, this background supports credibility and racing experience.

Related: Abe's racing career

Also searched as: Dutch ACC champion

Dutch champion refers to Abe's competitive background in sim racing. It supports the coaching because the feedback comes from real competitive experience.

Related: Abe's racing career

Also searched as: hydroplaning

Aquaplaning happens when a tyre loses contact with the track because of water. In sims with wet weather, it can cause sudden loss of control.

Also searched as: rain line

The wet line is the line used in wet conditions. It may avoid rubbered-in areas and use parts of the track with more grip.

Also searched as: dry line

A drying line is the part of a wet track that dries first. It often becomes faster as cars drive over it.

Also searched as: track temp

Track temperature affects tyre pressure, grip and wear. A hot track can increase tyre temperature and change balance.

Also searched as: ambient temperature

Air temperature can affect engine performance, tyre pressures and track conditions depending on the simulator.

Also searched as: wind direction

Wind can affect braking points, top speed and car balance in sims that model it. Headwind and tailwind can change references.

Also searched as: weather

Cloud cover can reduce track temperature and change grip. Weather changes are important in longer sessions.

Also searched as: changing weather

Dynamic weather means conditions can change during a session. It affects tyre choice, visibility, grip and strategy.

Also searched as: wet tyres

Rain tyres are designed for wet conditions. They give better grip in water but can overheat or wear quickly on a drying track.

Also searched as: dry tyres

Slick tyres are tyres without tread, used in dry conditions. They offer high grip on a dry track but perform poorly in standing water.

Also searched as: flatspot

A flat spot is tyre damage caused by a lock-up, in sims that model it. It can create vibration and reduce performance.

Also searched as: tyre blistering

Blistering is tyre damage caused by excessive heat or stress. It can reduce grip and consistency where modelled.

Also searched as: tyre graining

Graining happens when the tyre surface tears and forms a rough layer. It can reduce grip until the surface cleans up or the tyre stabilises.

Also searched as: scrubbing

Tyre scrub is sliding or dragging the tyre across the track. Too much scrub costs speed and increases heat or wear.

Also searched as: cold tires

Cold tyres have reduced grip and can make the car feel unstable. Out laps and starts require caution.

Also searched as: overheated tyres

Hot tyres can lose grip and become inconsistent. Smooth driving and pressure management can help.

Also searched as: target pressure

Optimal pressure is the pressure range where tyres work best in a given sim and car. It changes with track temperature and stint conditions.

Also searched as: operating window

The tyre window is the temperature or pressure range where a tyre performs well. Staying in the window improves consistency.

Also searched as: tire management

Tyre management is controlling wear, temperature and grip over a stint. It is essential in endurance and longer league races.

Also searched as: bias adjustment

Brake balance adjustment means changing brake bias during a session or race. It can help as fuel burns off or tyres change.

Also searched as: diff locking

Differential locking describes how strongly the driven wheels are connected. It affects traction and rotation.

Also searched as: turbulent air

Dirty air is turbulent airflow behind another car. It can reduce front grip and increase tyre sliding in aero-sensitive cars.

Also searched as: undisturbed air

Clean air is airflow without another car directly ahead. Cars usually have better downforce and tyre performance in clean air.

Also searched as: draft

Slipstream is the reduced air resistance behind another car. It can help a following car gain speed on a straight.

Also searched as: slipstreaming

Drafting means using another car's slipstream to reduce drag and gain speed. It is useful for overtaking and fuel saving.

Also searched as: P2P

Push to pass is a temporary power boost in some racing formats. Availability and rules depend on the car, sim or series.

Also searched as: drag reduction system

DRS is a drag reduction system used in some formula-style racing. It reduces drag on straights when allowed by the rules.

Also searched as: energy recovery system

ERS is an energy recovery system used in some modern race cars. It stores and deploys electrical energy for performance.

Also searched as: energy deployment

Hybrid deployment is how a hybrid race car uses stored electrical energy. It affects acceleration, strategy and lap time.

Also searched as: energy regen

Regeneration is how a hybrid system recovers energy, often during braking. It can affect braking feel and energy strategy.

Also searched as: defence line

A defensive line is a line chosen to protect position. It often sacrifices exit speed or ideal corner shape.

Also searched as: overtaking line

An attack line is a line chosen to create an overtaking chance. It must still leave room and keep the car under control.

Also searched as: corner priority

A compromise corner is a corner where the best line is influenced by the next corner or straight. You may sacrifice one part to gain more later.

Also searched as: important corner

A priority corner is a corner where exit or positioning has a big effect on lap time. It often comes before a long straight.

Also searched as: corner sequence

A complex is a group of corners that must be driven as one connected sequence. The exit of one corner affects the entry of the next.

Also searched as: flowing section

A rhythm section is a sequence of corners where timing and flow matter. Overdriving one part can ruin the next.

Also searched as: visual marker

A reference point is a visual marker used for braking, turning or throttle. Good reference points make driving more repeatable.

Also searched as: braking marker

A brake marker is a trackside reference used to time braking. It should be adjusted for fuel, tyres, traffic and conditions.

Also searched as: turn-in reference

A turn-in marker helps you start steering at the right moment. It can be a kerb, board, shadow or track detail.

Also searched as: exit reference

An exit marker helps judge where the car should be as you leave a corner. It supports repeatable line choice.

Also searched as: looking ahead

Visual focus is where you look while driving. Looking further ahead helps smoother inputs and better decisions.

Also searched as: side vision

Peripheral vision helps you sense cars, kerbs and movement around you without staring at them. It is useful in close racing.

Also searched as: awareness

Spatial awareness is knowing where your car is compared with other cars and the track. It helps avoid contact.

Also searched as: reaction

Reaction time is how quickly you respond to lights, slides or race situations. It matters most at starts and in traffic.

Also searched as: race start procedure

Start procedure is the set of rules for beginning a race. It can include formation, speed limits, lights and jump start rules.

Also searched as: false start

A jump start happens when a driver moves before the start signal or breaks start rules. It usually leads to a penalty.

Also searched as: starting position

Grid position is where you start the race. It is decided by qualifying or event rules.

Also searched as: pole

Pole position is the first starting position on the grid. It usually gives the cleanest view and track position at the start.

Also searched as: race paddock

The paddock is the area where teams and drivers prepare. In sim racing, it can also mean the community or event environment.

Also searched as: technical inspection

Scrutineering is technical inspection of cars or settings. In sim racing, this may be replaced by server rules or setup limits.

Also searched as: fixed car setup

Fixed setup means drivers cannot change most car settings. It puts more focus on driving skill and consistency.

Also searched as: open car setup

Open setup means drivers can change car settings. It rewards setup knowledge as well as driving skill.

Also searched as: qualy setup

A qualifying setup is built for short-run pace. It may use lower fuel and a more aggressive balance than a race setup.

Also searched as: long-run setup

A race setup is built for consistency, tyre life and confidence over a stint. It may be less extreme than a qualifying setup.

Also searched as: circuit setup

A track-specific setup is adjusted for the demands of one circuit. Kerbs, straights, corner types and temperatures all matter.

Also searched as: setup guidance

Setup direction means knowing which way to adjust the car. It is often more useful than copying settings without understanding them.

Also searched as: setup adjustment

A setup change is one adjustment made to the car. Testing one change at a time makes it easier to understand the result.

Also searched as: setup test

A/B testing means comparing two approaches, setup changes or driving techniques. It helps separate feeling from measurable effect.

Also searched as: baseline run

A control run is a reference run before making changes. It helps judge whether a setup or driving change really worked.

Also searched as: warmup session

Warm-up is a session or lap phase used to prepare tyres, brakes and driver focus. It can also mean the final practice before a race.

Also searched as: training stint

A practice stint is a longer run used to test consistency, tyres and fuel. It is useful preparation for races.

Also searched as: low fuel trim

Qualifying trim means the car is prepared for single-lap pace, usually with lower fuel and sharper balance.

Also searched as: high fuel trim

Race trim means the car is prepared for a race stint with fuel, tyre wear and consistency in mind.

Also searched as: advanced driving skills

Advanced driving techniques are higher-level skills that help a driver become faster, more consistent and more controlled. Examples include trail braking, threshold braking, smooth steering input, controlled throttle application, tyre management and better positioning on track.

Also searched as: fuel plan, fuel saving

Fuel strategy means planning fuel use during a race. It matters most in longer races, where fuel load, pit stop timing, stint length and race pace all affect the result.

Also searched as: heel and toe, rev matching

Heel-and-toe is a driving technique for cars with a manual gearbox. The driver brakes and briefly applies throttle while downshifting to match revs and keep the car stable. It is less common in modern GT sim racing, but the term remains part of motorsport language.

Also searched as: online contact, lag, desync

Netcode is the technology online simulators use to process car positions between drivers. A netcode moment can make contact appear to happen even when cars did not clearly touch on one driver's screen.

Also searched as: passing move, pass, overtaking

An overtake is a passing move on another car. A good overtake needs timing, positioning, brake control and risk awareness. In sim racing, overtaking is part of racecraft, not only raw pace.

Also searched as: speed, lap pace

Pace means speed over a lap, stint or race. Qualifying pace is mainly about one fast lap, while race pace is about speed and consistency over multiple laps.

Also searched as: simulator racing, virtual racing, esports racing

Sim racing is digital racing with realistic vehicle dynamics, real circuits, race rules and online competition. It is often done with a steering wheel, pedals and simulators such as iRacing, Assetto Corsa Competizione or Le Mans Ultimate.

Related: What is sim racing?

Also searched as: structured training, practice plan

Sim racing training is focused practice to improve your driving. It can include braking technique, racing line, racecraft, telemetry, tyre management, consistency and driving under pressure.

Related: Professional sim racing coaching

Also searched as: online racing, esports racing

Virtual racing is racing in a digital environment. The term is often used as a broader phrase for sim racing, online racing and esports racing.